Evaluate the Optimum Temperature and PH

Question: Utilizing the right arrangement compose a report on the development conditions commonsense you have done. The structure of this report will impact your evaluation. Theoretical one section synopsis of end and assessment Strategy short, picture can utilize visual cues Results-table and chart Temperature (oC) Number of yeast cells 5 3487 18 4112 37 5292 37 (corrosive) 8916 40 7176 50 7308 E.coli utilizing a shading meter Used5 as a clear Temperature (oC) Shading meter estimation (Abs) 20 0.40 37 0.46 40 0.55 50 0.03 Assessment barely any sentences decipher results Conversation major of words, what does it let you know, what impact does pH and temp have on e-coli and yeast ( saccharomyces cerevisine) what proof do you need to help your answer? Think about temperature of yeast and E.coli End how to improve test what might you do next time? Answer: Unique The examination was completed to assess the ideal temperature and pH required for the ideal development pace of two living beings chose. The life forms, which were chosen, are Saccharomyces serivisiae and Escherichia coli. The outcome was gotten as the Escherichia coli developed best at 35ã‹å ¡ to 40ËÅ ¡C. where as if there should be an occurrence of Saccharomyces cerivisiae, ideal development was seen at 37ËÅ ¡C with acidic pH condition. Presentation Every living being has its own arrangement of ideal natural condition for its ideal development rate (Pajic-Lijakovic 2015). In the event of microorganisms, there are a few development factors, which impact the development pace of life forms. These elements can be of various physical and substance factors, for example, temperature, pH, salt fixation, nearness of air, and so forth. In this lab-report, two life forms are considered to assessed alongside two development variables or boundaries. The living beings, which considered are Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two development factors, which have been utilized for the assessment reason for existing, are temperature and pH (Myers 2013). Technique From the start, the materials which are required were autoclaved for the disinfection procedure After the sanitization, particular development medium was made and autoclaved. After the fulfillment of the creation of the development media E. coli was vaccinated in four media plates and were immunized at 20ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C, 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C separately. A clear was made for the subjective reason and kept at room temperature.(In instance of E. coli cells were brooded in fluid culture vehicle for spectrophotometer perusing) Yeast cells were immunized in six plates and brooded at 5ËÅ ¡C, 18ËÅ ¡C, 37ã‹å ¡ (Normal condition), 37ËÅ ¡C (Acidic), 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C individually. A plate was kept in the room temperature without immunization to be utilized as clear. (yeast cells were brooded in strong media plates for state check) Following 24 hours of brooding period yeast culture plates were taken out and cells were checked. (one settlement is viewed as one cells) Following 30 minutes of brooding, E. coli culture tubes were taken out, the cell development thickness was estimated utilizing spectrophotometer, and absorbance esteem was noted. Result After the hatching settlement checks were accomplished for the yeast cells and absorbance was noted for the E. coli cells. The outcomes for every cell type are given underneath in an even structure. Results for Yeast cells: Temperature (oC) Number of yeast cells 5 3487 18 4112 37 5292 37 (corrosive) 8916 40 7176 50 7308 Results for E. coli cells: Temperature (oC) Shading meter estimation (Abs) 20 0.40 37 0.46 40 0.55 50 0.03 Diagram for the Yeast cells development rate: As indicated by the outcomes acquired from the cell check of the yeast cells, it is seen that the majority of the yeast cells were seen at 37ËÅ ¡C in acidic pH run. Though, least measure of cells were seen at 5ËÅ ¡C. Aside from this, at 18ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C (typical), 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C cell consider was watched 3487, 4112, 5292, 7176 and 7308 cells separately. If there should be an occurrence of E. coli cells Highest absorbance of was noted at 0.55 nm and most reduced absorbance was seen at 50ËÅ ¡C. Alongside this, at 20ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C absorbance was noted as 0.40 nm and 0.46 nm individually. Translation From aftereffect of the Yeast cell tally, it is seen that most elevated number of yeast cells are gotten in 37ËÅ ¡C acidic plate. From this it tends to be deciphered that the ideal condition for the Saccharomyces cerivisiae is 37ËÅ ¡C. The pH condition for the development of Saccharomyces cerivisiae is on the acidic side. Though, 5ËÅ ¡C that is low temperature is viewed as unfriendly condition for the development of Saccharomyces cerivisiae cells. From the absorbance consequence of Escherichia coli, it is noticed that the most noteworthy number of cells were seen at the 40ËÅ ¡C temperature mark. From this temperature, it tends to be deciphered that the ideal development temperature for the Escherichia coli cells to develop is about 40ËÅ ¡C. From the outcome information it can likewise be deciphered that minimal measure of cells were developed at the 50ËÅ ¡C imprint. So it can likewise be said that as the temperature expands cell development of the Escherichia coli diminishes. End: From this examination, it tends to be inferred that the cells have their individual temperature to develop at the ideal rate (Typas 2012). Aside from this, they additionally have a reasonable scope of pH run, where their development rate is most extreme. These components assume a urgent job, as the endurance and cell division process relies upon such factors. In this examination the examples were utilized in the trial configuration to acquire the particular ideal temperature and ph for the development of the chose life form (Winter 2013). Yet, for this situation we can evaluate just a range where the ideal development has occurred. Further investigation and test is requirement for the assessment of definite temperature at which the life form best develops. This angle is additionally applied for the pH assessment process too. As pace of cell division and cell development relies upon the ph of a domain, it is imperative to gather the specific estimation of these development factors for a fruitful assessment process (Monon 2012). References Monon, J.A.C.Q.U.E.S., 2012. The development of bacterial cultures.Selected Papers in Molecular Biology by Jacques Monod, p.139. Typas, A., Banzhaf, M., Gross, C.A. what's more, Vollmer, W., 2012. From the guideline of peptidoglycan union to bacterial development and morphology.Nature Reviews Microbiology,10(2), pp.123-136. Winter, S.E., Winter, M.G., Xavier, M.N., Thiennimitr, P., Poon, V., Keestra, A.M., Laughlin, R.C., Gomez, G., Wu, J., Lawhon, S.D. what's more, Popova, I.E., 2013. Host-determined nitrate helps development of E. coli in the aroused gut.Science,339(6120), pp.708-711. Pajic-Lijakovic, I., Levic, S., Hadnaã„‘ev, M., Stevanovic-Dajic, Z., Radosevic, R., Nedovic, V. what's more, Bugarski, B., 2015. Auxiliary changes of Ca-alginate dabs brought about by immobilized yeast cell growth.Biochemical Engineering Journal,103, pp.32-38. Myers, J.A., Curtis, B.S. also, Curtis, W.R., 2013. Improving exactness of cell and chromophore fixation estimations utilizing optical density.BMC biophysics,6(1), p.4.

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act Section A The intensity of stop and search is a general term used to portray the forces of police or at times the authorities to look through the individuals from open in a different setting without a warrant.[1] Such powers are administered principally under Part 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). [2] Besides PACE 1984, there are other enactment which administers the intensity of stop and search. For instance, s23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971[3], s60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (CJPOA)[4] and s47A of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT)[5]. The intensity of stop and search under TACT were recently administered under s44, however were governed illicit by the European Court of Human Rights, expressing that the force were excessively generally attracted and open to abuse.[6] S44 were than officially supplanted with s47A by the Terrorism Act 2000 (Remedial) Order 2011[7] on the 18 March 2011, by progressively restricted measures in England, Wales and Scotland . All enactments which oversees police intensity of stop and search likewise intend to forestall and hinder wrongdoings, in any case, there is still some distinction in the guidelines of such powers, between Part 1 of the PACE 1984 and s47A of the TACT 2000. Measurement indicated that roughly 1.1 million stops and searches are recorded under Section 1 of the PACE 1984, in the time of 2011/2012. [8] No inquiries were made by the police in 2011/12 or 2012/13 in Great Britain under s47A of TACT.[9] A low location rate alone doesn't really sabotage the utilization of stop and search powers. Defenders of the force, particularly under fear mongering enactment, contend that its utilization disturbs and prevents crime as opposed to just distinguishing it.[10] The first and most extreme evident contrast in the forces of stop and search comparable to both PACE 1984 and TACT 2000 are that both enactment have diverse point of search. Section 1 of the PACE 1984 gives capacity to stop and quest for a scope of things including taken property, hostile weapons, restricted articles under s1(7) PACE, controlled medications or proof that an individual is a terrorist.[11] Whereas, controls under TACT 2000 were to look for proof of psychological warfare. An official practicing the stop and search forces may just do as such to look for proof that the individual concerned is a fear based oppressor or that the vehicle concerned is being use for the motivations behind psychological warfare, rather than the reason under segment 45(1)[12] of scanning for articles of a sort which could be utilized regarding psychological oppression. [13]. The importance of psychological militants are characterized under segment 40(1) (b) of the 2000 Act. Also, the guideline o f the intensity of stop and search are diverse as far as the forces where exercisable. Under Part 1 of the PACE, the intensity of stop and search might be practice by constable whenever, yet just openly puts, and non-residences to which the general population have prepared access.[14] This incorporates open vehicle, historical centers, sports ground, films, bars, eateries, night club, banks and shops. While intensity of stop and search under S47A just permits a constable with uniform to scan at a particular zone for a characterized period [15]with authorisation by an official of ACPO rank who sensibly associates that a demonstration with fear based oppression will take place.[16] Next, the distinction of guidelines of both PACE and TACT in the intensity of stop and search by the police are the matter of authorisation. Under Part1 of the PACE, the constable are permit to lead look as long as they are having the sensible ground of doubt that applicable offenses will be found. [17] There are no notice of requiring authorisation by official of a higher positioning before directing stop and search dissimilar to S47A of TACT. Under this area, authorisation by a senior cop are basic before stop and search could be direct by any constable in uniform. [18]Authorisation may be given if an official sensibly presume that a demonstration of psychological warfare will take place[19] and consider that the authorisation is pivotal to forestall such a demonstration and, that the territories or spots determined in the authorisation are no more noteworthy than is fundamental and the duration[20] of the authorisation is no longer than is important to forestall such a demonstrati on. The prerequisite for an authorisation are given in the Code of Practice[21] where an authorisation under area 47A may just be made by an official of ACPO or ACPOS rank. The authorisation would incorporate subtleties of how the activity of the forces is important to forestall the demonstration of terrorism.[22] In most legal arrangements including PACE which awards police the ability to stop and search, there is a prerequisite that the police must have a sensible ground of doubt that the individual is in control of a thing of a predefined kind. [23] Although there was no meaning of sensible ground of doubt set down in the enactment, Code of Practice An, under PACE had given a type of rule with respect to what comprise sensible doubt. Para 2.2 clarified that sensible justification for doubt will rely upon the nature for each situation. [24] There must be some target reason for that doubt dependent on realities, data and additionally insight that are applicable to the probability of finding an article of a particular kind.[25] Reasonable doubt can never be bolstered based on close to home components. Officials must depend on insight or data about or some particular conduct by the individual concerned.[26] For instance the idea of the articles associated with being conveyed, the time and spot where the individual or vehicle is or the conduct of the individual suspected. The instance of Howarth v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (2011)[27] clarified that sensible reason for doubt is a lower standard that which would be required to build up an at first sight case.[28] It permits cop to consider matter that would not be acceptable as proof. In correlation, the force presented under S47A TACT 2000 can be practiced without sensible doubt. An authorisation by a senior cop permits look by any constable in uniform in determined regions or spots without sensible doubt to discover proof identified with fear based oppression. The authorisation would give clarification which permits halting and looking of people and additionally vehicles without doubt is important to forestall the associated demonstration with terrorism.[29] To close, albeit both PACE and TACT have various guidelines as far as the intensity of stop and search, anyway what continues as before is that the basic standards of stop and search are planned to advance its utilization in a reasonable and compelling way. An official may not look through an individual where there is no legitimate premise to do as such, even with an individual’s assent. Stop and search must be done in an obliging and aware way and the length of confinement must be kept to a base in any event, when the official is legitimately qualified for search an individual of vehicle. [30] PART B The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) came into power in the United Kingdom in October 2000. [31]This enactment gives impact in the UK to certain principal rights and opportunities contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Under segment 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, open bodies, for example, the court, police, neighborhood board and every single other body completing the open capacities must agree to the Convention rights. This implies, people would now be able to take human rights cases in household courts and they no longer need to go to Strasbourg to contend their case in the European Court of Human Rights.[32] With the HRA 1998 coming into power, the intensity of stop and search had some effect on the guideline and utilization of the intensity of stop and search here and there. Comparable to the utilization of intensity of stop and search, open bodies are required to exercise such power in consistence to the show rights. The legitimate structure for securing the key human rights contained in the HRA 1998 permits people in general to depend on the articles when they are being halted and looked. At the point when forces of stop and looked are work out, the open bodies are required to practice it so that it is important and proportionate. [33]Article 5, 8 and 14 of the HRA 1998 would be progressively important in the matter of stop and search. Article 5 guarantees the privilege to freedom and security of individual. [34]The directly in Article 5 is constrained, which implies that there are sure conditions or circumstance where hardship of freedom is lawful.[35] Article 8 shields individuals from subjective impedance in their private and family right. [36] The demonstration of being dependent upon a pursuit, which may happen out in the open, and may incorporate a hunt of an individual, their apparel or individual things will meddle with Article 8 rights. Article 8 is a certified right, and Article 8(2) furnishes exemptions empowering obstruction with the right, for instance in light of a legitimate concern for national security, or the avoidance of crime.[37] Any impedance with a person’s Article 8 rights should come quite close to the special cases permitted under Article 8(2), and be as per the law, essential and proportionate. Likewise, Article 14[38] permits individuals to appreciate the Convention rights with no separation. In another words, individual must not be halted or looked simply as a result of their race or religion. The intensity of stop and search would possibly be good with human rights in the event that they are utilized really and proportionately.[39] Evidence shows that stop and search controls that don't require sensible doubt, just as those under PACE, might be utilized in a way that is prejudicial on the grou nds that specific ethnic networks are bound to encounter stop and search than others. In any case, the dark and minority ethnic gatherings, especially the dark individuals, have for a long time been lopsidedly at the less than desirable finish of police stop and search. Joel Miller in his article ‘

The Waitlist, 2009

The Waitlist, 2009 For the fourth consecutive year, we will admit students from our waitlist. Within the next few days, we plan to admit approximately 60 students from the waitlist. When our waitlist decisions are finalized, we will notify the admitted students, informing them that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Financial aid will follow up shortly thereafter with aid packages. Admitted students can then choose to accept our offer (it is an understood part of admissions that some people will shuffle around during the waitlist period; you will lose your deposit at the other school, but it is a standard practice to consider accepting a waitlist offer) or decline it. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to 454 people, in the possibility that we needed to go very deep into our waitlist, as most schools must do from time to time. But now, as a high number of admitted students have chosen to enroll, we know that we will need to enroll only a relatively moderate number of students from the waitlist. As such, it isnt ethical to keep all of those people on the waitlist at this point, so we will notify hundreds of students that they will not be admitted from the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We also will keep some students, approximately 50, on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. Last year, we admitted students in two rounds of waitlist admissions; two years ago, we were satisfied with the class after one round of waitlist admissions. Well know more about how this year looks in a few weeks. The waitlist committee has been working hard since May 1 to determine how many students, if any, could be admitted from the waitlist, while in parallel working to make admisions decisions. The waitlist admissions process will continue until we fully determine who will and will not be admitted, at which point we will notify students. I dont yet know what day we will notify students. Well keep you up-to-date.

Swot Analysis of Dunnes Stores - 2289 Words

SWOT analysis of Dunnes Stores In this part of project I will try to analyse Dunnes Stores using very useful tool in business environment called SWOT analysis. Abbreviation SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threads. It analyse internal factors of business, the Strengths and Weaknesses as well as external factors which are Opportunities and Threads. It is one of most popular technics used for gathering and comparing information, it used as universal tool for the first stage of strategic planning. It looks inside the company and the environment it operates. Depth of analysis depend on information available, in case of Dunnes Stores most of the info that can be useful relates to external factors, as the company is not†¦show more content†¦* Strength which seems to be one of the major is that Dunnes is big Irish employer with staff number of 16000 spread on 155 stores over Ireland. This number of employees and the size of the company result in significant money injections to national ec onomy. Weaknesses By meaning weaknesses there is everything that is not working well within the company and what should be improved, that is internal disadvantage which can be improved as the company have control over it and can take an action for positive changes. Internal weaknesses are creating chaos and disorganisation within company and if spot by competitors can be used as weapon to improve their position on the market. * Major weakness of Dunnes Stores is poor management. Every business is depending of managerial decisions in order to achieve its goals and increasing performance, while analysing company’s performance on Irish field it can be seen that competitors are taking advantage over Dunnes in market share what I will describe in more detail in Threads section later in this analysis. 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Should Cell Phones Be Bad - 893 Words

Having cell phones in the classroom could also be bad because of bullying. Bullying used to be face to face, and now it has evolved to the Internet and cell phones. If cellphones are in the classroom then the bullying can happen behind the teachers back. Also the students can say meaner and nastier things over text message than they would say out loud. Cell phones give these kids more confidence than they would have by just talking. Always having a phone in your hand seems to give us great knowledge. If I have a question about anything, I just Google it. I can get an answer from how to spell a word to the biggest world questions. I have learned a lot of information about random topics that pop into my head. One day I really wanted to learn how to knit a scarf, and I was able to search the Internet on my phone to show me how to do it. The Internet has helped me with medical issues such as a bee sting or a little cough. 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Whether we are driving, or walking down the aisle in the grocery store, and even in class, cell phones have become a part of our everyday lives. Although most students like to text in class, it shouldn’t be allowed because cell phones might tempt students to cheat, and just be a major distraction for everyone. While paying

Learning English through Social Issue Free Essays

Sexy photos of teen models are polished in magazines and you fell that these photos have a negative impact. Write a letter to the editor describing the situation and suggesting what the media, teenagers and parents can do about it. Dear Editor, It has been brought to the limelight that sexy photo of teen models has become prevalent lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning English through Social Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stakeholders from different walks of life have various perceptions about this issue. As a major stakeholder myself, a teenager, I would like to voice my opinion towards this hot topic. Seeing sexy photos of teen models on magazines is no longer a new thing to Hong Kong citizens. The emergence of teen model was fostered under the opening mindset of HonkKongers. I cannot deny the hard fact that teen model is the output of the change in citizens’ mindset and people cannot exploit the existence of a certain industry, in this case the teen model industry, but my stance point is that the prevalence has gone too far. What I mean by â€Å"the prevalence has gone too far† is that provocative photos of teen models started to appear in places that they are not suppose to be. A case in point is the â€Å"intrusion† of teen model in the annual book fair. This sparked intense discussion and controversy while I opted to take the stance agreeing that it create negative trend to the practice. On a macro view, not only has the prevalence of teen model and their provocative photos create negative rend to the book fair practice, but also posed detrimental imparts to the community as whole. In the first place, the popularization of teen models sexy photos promotes pornography as well as inappropriate-open minds towards sex in teenagers. In the long run, it can constitute various serious problems, such as teen pregnancy, teen abortion and compensated dating etc. As Juveniles are the future pillars of the society, we cannot let them go astray. Secondly, it also worsens the reputation of some related industry such as the fashion and model industry in Hong Kong. Foreign industries may deem that of Hong Kong is low-profile and end up avoid cooperating or collaborating with Hong Kongs fashion workers. Consequently, Hong Kong may suffer a loss in foreign investors in this field. Before the negative influences have gone any further, media, teenagers and parents should put their heads together to address this situation and procrastination Media clearly has the responsibility to halt this situation. It should promote healthy image of models and avoiding publishing provocative photos of models considering the audience of their products. As for teenagers, since they are easily affected by things and people around, it is very important for them to learn how to distinguish between right and wrong, so as to make sure they don’t receive any nappropriate information. Parents also play a vital role in adolescences’ life especially when they hit puberty. They are at too tender an age to identify inappropriate messages on their own. Therefore, they need parental guidance. Parents are thus incumbent in leading their children through this tough period without letting them fall prey to obscene information. Problems cannot be solved without concrete efforts. I hope the current situation can be changed and wish the media and all teenagers healthy developments. How to cite Learning English through Social Issue, Essays

Most Common Dance Injuries free essay sample

Next to stage fright, it’s these overuse injuries that become a dancers biggest nightmare. For many dancers depending on the severity of the injury it’s their bodies’ simple way of ending a career and something the dancer has enjoyed all their life. Across the spectrum of dance there is very little doubt that the vast majority of injuries are the result of overuse rather than trauma. The foot, ankle, and lower leg area is the most vulnerable to a wide range of injuries (Solomon and Russell). The following are types of injuries but are not limited to, stress fractures, tendon injuries, sprains, and strains. However, it’s these injuries that show up in greater frequencies. As dancer’s age their chances of becoming injured caused by overuse significantly increases, which is why is it so important to emphasis ways to prevent future injuries. According to expert consultants Ruth Solomon and Jeffrey Russell, dancers are exposed to a wide range of factors for injury. The most common issues that cause dance injuries are the type of dance and frequency of the class, duration of the training and the conditions of the environment. Most wouldn’t consider the floor type and temperature in the studios but these factors play a huge role in injuries. Along with the previously stated, the equipment used such as shoes can cause damage because the individual’s body alignment can be altered. Alongside these issues, the appearance of previous injury to body parts and nutritional deficiencies are among the biggest risk factors for the dancing community (Solomon and Russell). In 1996, several doctors teamed up to better understand the prevalence and risk factors for theatrical injuries and conducted a survey of performers in Broadway productions and touring companies (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). The doctors obtained information from three hundred and thirteen performers across twenty three different companies. Shockingly they instantly found that fifty five point five percent of the performers were injured (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). When put in terms of numbers that averages to 1. 08 injuries per dancer. The lower extremity injuries were the most common at fifty two percent, followed by back at twenty two percent and the neck at twelve percent (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). The least frequent injuries occurred in the upper extremities with the shoulder consisting of only six percent of the dancers (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). Of the lower extremities the knee at twenty nine percent, ankle at twenty five percent, foot at twenty percent, and the hip at twelve percent (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). As the study reported factors that significantly increased the risk of injury for dancers, it was their goal to heighten the concern for reduction prevention through stretching, proper warm up technique, and overall general care for their bodies (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). After acquiring an injury taking the proper treatment in order to recover your body to it fullest potential is most important. Your spine is made up of three sections; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar (Fukishima). When it comes to back injuries, dancers tend to get injured in their thoracic or lumbar regions. The most common injury is frozen back, which is when the muscles in the back spasm (Fukishima). This is caused by fatigue, hyper mobility, inequalities in the dancer’s leg length, and scoliosis or curvature in the spine. Another common back injury is sprains and strains in the ligaments in the spine (Fukishima). The best way to treat a back injury is R. I. C. E. R. I. C. E stands for rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Increasing your core strength is also very important because it helps support your lower back and makes it less susceptible to injury (Fukishima). Stretching properly is a great way to protect your back from injuries. The neck is made up of the cervical potion of the spine. A common trait of dancers is jutting the chin. Jutting the chin is when you lift your head up to increase height appearance and when doing this the head is pulled out of alignment with the rest of the spine (Kay). This means the neck is more vulnerable to injuries. Jutting the chin can cause instability and early degeneration or erosion in the cervical spine (Kay). Another cause of neck injuries is throwing your head weight because the head weighs approximately ten to twelve pounds. When dropping the head straight back or forcefully to the side the spine and nerves running down the arm and chest are compressed which can lead to cervical sprains (Kay). The knee is a part of the body that dancers tend to not necessarily focus on mostly. Most knee injuries occur from leaps in dance and turnout, which is seen in ballet dancers. The most common knee injury is hyperextension, which is the movement or extension of joints, tendons, or muscles beyond the normal limit of range of motion (Kay, The Knees). This occurs more in ballet dancers from trying to obtain turnout, by pushing back into the knees, putting unnecessary pressure on the joints. Another common knee injury is to the anterior crucial ligament or ACL (Kay, The Knees). The ACL is the ligament within the knee that keeps your femur and tibia together. This is usually caused by large leaps and jumps and landing abruptly, or twisting your body while your foot stays in place (Kay, The Knees). In treating a knee injury again the best treatment is R. I. C. E. Rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Electrical stimulation and ultrasound is also great treatments in working with ligament injuries. Electrical stimulation is a machine that uses an electrical current to cause a single muscle or a group of muscles to contract (Kay, The Knees). This strengthens the muscles and ligaments without causing strain or stress on the injury. Ultrasound is used to treat pain conditions and heals damaged tissues. Other treatments for knee injuries include squat exercises, bicycling, weight-bearing exercises, and stabilizing exercises. Another great thing is to stretch and strengthen the muscles that surround your knee; such as the quads, hamstrings, and gluteal, so that the knee is stable and supported (Kay, The Knees). In dance the most common ankle injury is an inversion ankle sprain which is when the foot is forced inward beyond ligament control (NYU Langone Medical Center). This usually occurs when the dancer looses balance or lands from a jump with the ankle/ foot is extended. There are three types of ankle sprains; grade one, grade two, and grade three (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade one ankle sprain is a very small tear or excessive stretching of the ligament with no looseness within the joint (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade two sprain has a more severe tear, and the injured can sometimes feel a popping sensation in the ankle however there is also some instability and control in a grade two sprain (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade three sprain is the most severe. This is a complete tear of the ligament with significant instability or none at all (NYU Langone Medical Center). When taking care of an ankle or foot injury R. I. C. E is also the first treatment type used. The hip is a stable structure due to its ball and socket anatomical makeup. The hip is surrounded by strong muscles; such as adductors, abductors, flexors, rotators, hamstring and gluteal; which allow smooth, controlled, and balanced movements (Wozny). Most hip injuries are caused by performing bad technique. One common hip injury is referred to as â€Å"snapping hip†. Snapping hip is a condition that is represented by a snapping sensation felt in the hip (Wozny). Dancers with this condition can also feel or hear a popping within their hip when it is flexed and extended. This is caused by the hip tendon catching on a bone and then â€Å"snapping† in place when the hip joint moves (Wozny). Dancers tend to get this condition due to their abnormal flexibility. Another common injury in the hip is called trochanteric bursitis. Trochanteric bursitis is when there is inflammation or swelling on the trochanteric bursa, which is located on the side of your hip (Rowand, Chambliss and Mackler). There is usually no specific cause for this condition but can be from overuse of the hip or snapping hip. Treatment for snapping hip consists of reducing practices and training and just resting the hip. If there is pain with the condition then anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to reduce pain and swelling. In treating trochanteric bursitis the best way is through rest and icing the hip (Rowand, Chambliss and Mackler). After obtaining any type of injury it is important that the dancer take the proper steps in repairing and recovering from their injury. It is also vital that the dancer does not try to work through their pain. While working through pain can cause overuse and even increase the severity of the injury, it will also make the injury harder to treat. Focusing on developing and strengthening your muscles can also help prevent injuries from occurring more frequently. The best thing you can do for your body is giving it the rest it needs. When you rest it allows your body to recover properly and allows you to perform with less stress on the body. Proper technique is also important in preventing injuries. In conjunction with proper technique, however, the most important thing you can do to prevent an injury is to practice proper warm-ups and stretching. Stretching allows the body to be prepared for training. ? References Evan, Randolph W, et al. A Survey of Injuries among Broadway Performers. American Journal of Public Health 86. 1 (1996): 77-80. Fukishima, Rhoda. The Facts on Backs: Health and Fitness for Life. Dance Magazine 20 April 2002: 13-14. Kay, Lauren. The Head NEck. Dance Magazine 14 Janurary 2010: 12-13. —. The Knees. Dance Magazine 14 July 2010: 13-14. NYU Langone Medical Center. The Foot and Ankle. 2011. 19 5 2013 . Rowand, Mark, Lee M Chambliss and Leslie Mackler. How Should you Treat Throchanteric Bursitis? The Journal of Family Practice (2009): 494-500. Solomon, Ruth and Jeffrey A Russell. Stop Sports Injuries. 2010. 19 5 2013 . Wozny, Nancy. 10 Common Dance Injuries. 12 8 2010. 19 5 2013 .

Causes of Chieftaincy Disputes in Africa and How to Deal with Them Essay Example

Causes of Chieftaincy Disputes in Africa and How to Deal with Them Essay The constitution of Ghana defines a chief in article 277 as. In the Chapter unless the context otherwise requires, chief means a person, who, hailing from the appropriate family and lineage has been validly nominated ,elected or selected and enstooled, enskinned or installed as a chief or queen mother in accordance with the relevant customary law and usage. Chieftaincy as an important social institution which binds the people together is fraught with numerous disputes. Chieftaincy disputes are the misunderstanding, that occurs between two or more fractions on the enstoolment or enskinment of a chief or the misunderstanding between an incumbent chief and some of his subjects. Some causes of chieftaincy disputes are. When two families are claiming the right to a stool or a skin. In traditions where chieftaincy runs through multiple families there is likely to be a chieftaincy disputes that will arise between the families. This is in tradition where there are multiple royal families to inherit the throne. Its requires that when the chief dies the next family is to inherit the throne and it runs through all the families in the same manner. But in certain cases the ruling family will want to continue ruling instead of allowing other families to rule as customs demand. Disputes arise since the rest of the families think is wrong for only one family to rule all the times. The Ashanti’s rule from these multiple royal families. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Chieftaincy Disputes in Africa and How to Deal with Them specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Chieftaincy Disputes in Africa and How to Deal with Them specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Chieftaincy Disputes in Africa and How to Deal with Them specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another cause of chieftaincy disputes is when stool lands leased or sold to companies or individuals for money which goes into the chiefs own pocket. When stool lands are sold or leased the people expect the chief to use these monies for profitably business that will creates jobs and other activities to the town to improve Standard of living. In most cases the chiefs uses the peoples monies for his own gains. Disputes arise when the people notice that their funds are being misused. Wrongful selection of occupant to the stool or skin by kingmakers and queen mother. This cause of chieftaincy disputes arises when a wrongful occupant influences the king makers and queen mothers with monies and other items to persuade them to enstool or enskin him as a chief. The king makers and queen others uses nepotism to select occupant to rule as chiefs which should not to be done in that manner. The constitution requires a chief to be enstooled or enskinned in accordance with the customary laws and usage, so when a wrongful person is enstooled is cause chieftaincy disputes. When an incumbent chief incurs the displeasure of his subjects through embezzlement and misappropriation of the peoples funds. Another cause of chieftaincy disputes is when the incumbent chief embezzles and misappropriates the funds of the peoples . The chief is expected to use monies raised from the celebrations of festivals and other activities for developmental projects like the building of socials amenities e. g. schools, market place etc to improve the standard of living of his people. But in this case most chiefs do not consider these things but turn to embezzle and misuse the people’s funds. When the people also release that the chief is not embarking on developmental projects or use the funds for profitably gains on the people. The people may also rebel against the chief and this may bring about chieftaincy disputes. Chiefs becoming autocratic and takes unilateral decision on issues, may also leads to chieftaincy dispute. The chiefs centralize powers and authority to himself. It purpose is to achieve high productivity in his ruling which should not to be so . The chiefs does not involves his people in decision making processes. The peoples don’t have a said in any decision taken by the chief and sometimes disagrees with chief and his autocratic nature since there is a saying that ‘two heads are better than one†. The people will want to be involve in decision making and so may rebel when they are not involved in the decision making process and therefore rebels when conditions becomes intolerable on their side. In controlling these numerous causes of chieftaincy disputes, the following procedures should be followed. Kingmakers and queen mothers should select candidates who are qualified and have the support of the majority of the people. Qualify persons are to be selected by kingmakers and queen mothers to inherit the chief in accordance with the customary laws of the lands. These persons are to go through the necessary arrangements and have the support from the majority of the people in his favour. In this case the people know the occupant and even support him as the ruling chief of their town. Chiefs are to use the people’s funds for developmental projects in the town. chiefs should looks amenities that the people lacks and put them in place. In the cause of doing this the people will corporate well with the chief and ere will be a good relationship between the people and their chiefs. Multiples royal families must allow the chieftaincy to run from one family to another. In doing and putting these practices together chieftaincy disputes will be solved and peace will reign in our country.

Blakes The Tyger Essay Example

Blakes The Tyger Essay Example Blakes The Tyger Essay Blakes The Tyger Essay Essay Topic: Prometheus Tyger by William Blake is a beautifully written poem that brings forth many philosophical questions about the origin of the animal known as a tiger. It was published as part of his collection Songs of Experience and through close reading of the poem, deeper meaning is uncovered behind the literary piece. The poem consists of six quatrains or what is known as four-line stanzas and contains along with that, two couplets or rhyming lines. Throughout the reading of the poem, the poem has dual layers of meaning behind its initial denotation of the origin of a tiger and more towards the origin of Satan. The questions to whom created it, where he did it, how he did it, and how the creator felt, illustrates the stream of conscious questioning behind the origin of the devil. Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? The poem goes through a basic order of questioning with the core question of hat immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? This who question seems connotative of the idea of God as the immortal being and Creator of all things. As a tiger is a nocturnal predator of the night, *urning brightalso also brings forth he imagery of fire and contains consonance. Tigers bring forth imagery of brilliantly orange colored fur and black stripes merged together. This also is a colored illustrations of biblical descriptions of Hell itself. fin the forests of the nightdemonstrate operation in the darkness, something Satan does as well. The duality of meaning in the tigers image and biblical allusion to Satan as the central character of the poem start the stream of rhetorical questioning the author has. In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire? The second stanza it asks the question of where fin what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? The location of where Satan was formed is presented when bringing forth the location *istant deeps or skies,and the line also presents alliteration as well. The idea of did Satan come from the depths of hell, or was he formed above where God is located in heaven is presented within these lines. The last two lines of the quatrain once again acts as allusions to both a biblical and mythological origin. inn what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire? oint to Prometheus, a Greek mythological being who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans in order to progress life. Ultimately he faced severe punishment for his actions. Satan himself can be seen as a Prometheus type character as well. He convinced Adam and Eve to eat of the fruit and was punished for his actions as well. Though he did not seize the fire per say, he did push the first banished for having the pride and avarice to overthrow God. Blake shows such brilliance in the fact that the poem can still be taken on a literal meaning, and as a connotative meaning of biblical origin. And what shoulder, what art Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? what dread feet The third stanza speaks to the power of the Creator who we recognize as God who must be strong to form such a powerful creature as the essential in the construction of things and the beauty of the tiger mandates and artistic mind. ould twist the sinews of thy heartis a very profound line. Dual meaning can be taken within this line as the heart from the spiritual perspective dictates decision making. If God created Satan, did he create the evil within Satans heart and his actions if God as control over all things and Satan is the origin of evil? The second part of the stanza illustrates the power of Satan as the tiger is a powerful creature of dread and strength, so is Satan. As the hand is capable of destroying and creating and feet dictate presence everywhere. This is especially important in the dual meaning, as the tiger itself does not have hands or feet but rather paws. Thus these two lines once again show that Blake is pointing towards a deeper meaning. What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? The fourth stanza illustrates the metaphor of a blacksmith that God is, ammersand ? ±hainsoften being the tool and object blacksmiths create. These questions seem to ask where and how exactly did you create a being like Satan and what were the restraints and form of Satan. Once again repetition of imagery with fire is displayed here as well. Ehat was furnace was thy brainpoint towards the imagery of hell once again but point towards the mind of Satan as well as how did he develop the idea of pride to think he could overthrow God. When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? This fifth stanza highlights the downfall of Satan and the other angels that plotted to overtake God. This is seen with the first two lines that talk throwing down spearsand %atered heaven with their tears. As Satan was cast out of Gods presence and the realm of heaven with the other angels were saddened. The second two lines question Gods intent of pleasure or emotion in that His creation deviated so far from Jesus, did he create Satan as well. This stanza sticks out because this deviates much rom the dual meaning of the tiger, but highlights once again the connotative direction of Satans creation. Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? The last stanza remains the same, but the last two lines slightly change in that ares now the last lines first word. The qualities of the Oger that presents a duality between beauty, ferocity, and strength of the beast and Satan, The speaker wonders whether why the hand that created Satan created him. A being of evil and power that shines brightly influencing others negatively. Blake does a brilliant Job of showing two meanings behind his poem.

Project innovation management--Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project innovation management--Samsung - Essay Example The innovative strategy of this company has come to rely on external scientific expertise as a means of ensuring that only the latest and the most viable ideas are taken into consideration and developed into products. In this way, Samsung has been able to pursue a strategy that is consistent with its innovative goals. Samsung has over the years come to develop an environment which is extremely receptive of the market forces. This environment has been developed in such a way that the company always remains conscious of the swift changes that are taking place in the business environment and instituting changes accordingly (Michell, 2010). The ability to foster change in such a large company has become enshrined in the company’s culture through it motto â€Å"Work Hard, Think Hard and Build Trust.† The result of Samsung’s putting into consideration the need for constant change has been that it has had to develop an environment where its employees are receptive to change. The Work Smart part of its motto seems to foster this new type of receptiveness because it suggests to employees that they have to ensure that they are conscious of the business environment and should be ready to make changes accordingly in order to cater for market demand. It further suggests that employees need to constantly be ready for any possible changes that might be implemented in order to increase efficiency. The Think Hard aspect of Samsung’s motto suggests that innovation has become a part of its corporate culture and it is this that has ensured the company’s success in recent years as a leader in the electronics market (Kim, 2011). Not only is innovation among its employees encouraged, but it has also become the basis upon which Samsung has been able to compete with its major rivals in the market, especially Apple. Think Hard suggests that the company has come to put

Write a case study about Cadbury company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Write a case study about Cadbury company - Essay Example This very high share of the market reinforces why Cadbury company continues to focus heavily on developing new marketing strategies in order to make their chocolate products stand out from competition. In the late 1990s, Cadbury developed an internal mechanism deemed the formal suggestion programme which was designed to receive various stakeholder feedback regarding the viability of Cadbury products and the company’s marketing efforts as a means to improve the Cadbury image (Myers, 1999). This tends to reinforce that the company remains strongly focused on marketing and branding strategies in order to differentiate Cadbury products from other competition. Currently, in terms of marketing strategy, Cadbury appears to be focused on differentiating its chocolate products from those of competitors by focusing on both quality and by utilising humour in its contemporary marketing approaches. One of the company’s most notable brands, Cadbury Dairy Milk, has utilised television promotion which utilised a drum-banging gorilla in order to link the Cadbury brand with a more flexible, humorous and modern organisation. This ad appears to have achieved significant sales successes for the Dairy Milk brand, prompting the company to allocate a significant cash budget to produce a sequel to this humorous promotion (Dutta, 2008). Says Phil Rumbol, the marketing director of Cadbury, â€Å"We recognised that gorilla had an enigmatic, almost random element to it that audiences had responded to, and had generated masses of debate online† (Dutta, 2008, p.2). This represents a significant change from previous marketing efforts at the company, which attempted to place the company, in the minds of the consumer audience, as an organisation which is committed to tradition and confectionary excellence as part of a more upscale marketing focus. It seems that today, in order to make the company more appealing to mass markets and modern audiences, some of

Medical Device Regulations in the European Union

Medical Device Regulations in the European Union INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL DEVICE REGULATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A Medical Device under the jurisdiction of the European Union is defined as â€Å"an instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, together with any software necessary for its proper application, which a) is intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of i. diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, ii. diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, iii. investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process, or iv. control of conception; and b) does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means†.1 The clinical investigation and the subsequent introduction of a medical device in the European market is primarily regulated and governed by the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) with the assistance of competent regulatory institutions called the Notified Bodies. â€Å"A Notified Body is a certification organization which the national authority (the Competent Authority) of a Member State designates to carry out one or more of the conformity assessment procedures described in the annexes of the Directives.†3 The MHRA regulates with the help of two sets of medical device regulations viz. the Statutory Instruments 2002 No.618 (Consolidated legislation) and 2003 No.1697. These legislations employ the three device directives issued by the competent authority into the european law. The directives help the manufacture in better understanding of the manufacturing and the requirments for inroduction into the market of the devices. These directives are: Directive 90/385/EEC: Active Implantable Medical Devices directive Directive 93/42/EEC: Medical Devices directive Directive 98/79/EC: In vitro Diagnostic Medical Device directive Directive 90/385/EEC: Active Implantable Medical Devices directive: This directive encompasses medical devices that are active(i.e powered) and implanted(i.e left in the human body). These include pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, implantable infusion pumps, cochlear implants and implantable neuromuscular stimulators etc. Regulations realizing the Directive came entirely into force in the United Kingdom on January 01 1995. Directive 93/42/EEC: Medical Devices directive: This directive covers an extensive array of devices from uncomplicated bandages to orthopaedic implants and high-end radiology apparatus. Regulations realizing the Directive came entirely into force in the United Kingdom on June 13 1998. Directive 98/79/EC: In vitro Diagnostic Medical Device directive: â€Å"This Directive covers any medical device, reagent, reagent product, kit, instrument, apparatus or system which is intended to be used for the invitro examination of substances derived from the human body, such as blood grouping reagents, pregnancy testing and Hepatitis B test kits. Regulations implementing the Directive came into force in the UK on 7th June 2000 with a transitional period until 7th December 2003. There is no clinical investigation system for in-vitro diagnostic medical devices. Performance evaluations of in vitro diagnostic devices that are performed outside the manufacturers premises should be notified to the UK Competent Authority in accordance with the Medical Devices Regulations 2002: Section 44.†2 The rationale backing these directives is to permit easy movement of the medical devices throughout the European Union whilst upholding high standards of device safety and up-to-the-mark quality. Classification of medical devices: Devices are classified purely based on risk associated with their use. Ranging from low risk to high risk, they are Class I, IIa, IIb and III. A classic example of a class III medical device is a cochlear implant, which is both active and implantable and thus comes under the purview of Directive 90/385/EEC: Active Implantable Medical Devices directive. Let us discuss in detail the regulatory requirments specified as per the MHRA to bring an active implantable cochlear implant into the market designated bt the European Union as the EFTA(European Free Trade Area). â€Å"Examples of AIMDs include: implantable cardiac pacemakers implantable defibrillators leads, electrodes, adaptors for 1) and 2) implantable nerve stimulators bladder stimulators sphincter stimulators diaphragm stimulators cochlear implants implantable active drug administration device catheters, sensors for 9) implantable active monitoring devices programmers, software, transmitters.†4 Cochlear Implants: â€Å"Cochlear implants are electronic hearing prostheses that bypass the damaged hearing components by providing electrical stimulation directly to the auditory nerve fibres in the cochlea. The electrical stimulation is interpreted by the brain as sound. Cochlear implants consist of an external microphone, speech processor and transmitter coil, and an internal stimulator (implanted under the skin just behind the ear) attached to a stimulation electrode which passes into the cochlea. A variation of the cochlear implant is the auditory brainstem implant where electrodes are implanted directly into the auditory area of the brainstem. This can be used in patients who do not have a functional auditory nerve.†5 The regulatory process of bringing a cochlear implant in the European market: It is mandated by law that the manufacturer who intends to bring the device into the EFTA abides by the Essential Requirments stated in the Directive 90/385/EEC: Active Implantable Medical Devices directive and demonstrate the compliance of the device with the safety and efficacy standards set forth in the directive. There are essentially two ways to do it viz. â€Å"either a compilation of the relevant scientific literature currently available on the intended purpose of the device and the techniques employed, together with, if appropriate, a written report containing a critical evaluation of the compilation; or the results and conclusions of a specifically designed clinical investigation†2 Product launch on the basis of evaluation and review of scientific literature can be considered as acceptable if equivalence can be scientifically demonstrated with a device existant in the market and routinely used in clinical practice. Equivalence has to be demonstrated w.r.t technology, critical performance, design, principles of operation, biological safety, population involved, conditions of use and clinical purpose. However, unless satisfactory evidence can be collected by means of scientific literature review, the use of a well-planned clinical trial/investigation should be considered as the best way to attest permissible levels of safety and efficacy. In case of scientific review or pre-clinical assessment, the following fees apply: Class I, IIa, or IIb other than implantable or long-term invasive:  £3,000 (Re-notification incase of objection by MHRA  £2,100). Class IIb implantable or long-term invasive, Class III, and active implantable:  £4,100 (Re-notification incase of objection by MHRA  £2,700). Applications for a proposed clinical investigation of the medical device should be made by filling the forms PCA1 and PCA2 along with the necessary information required by the clauses in the forms. Applications should be labeled clearly as â€Å"documentation only†. The use of English language is mandatory. Documentation should be clear and legible and remain so after reproduction. Electronic applications should be discussed with the MHRA. The manufacturer, for scrutiny by the MHRA should make a total of eight full submission copies available. The charges for the scrutiny of applications are laid out in the Medical Devices Regulations 2002: section 56. They are as follows: â€Å"Fees for Group A (low risk) devices are  £2,700 (initial application) or  £1,800 (resubmission). Increasing to  £3,000 and  £2,100 on 1st April 2008. Fees for Group B (high-risk) devices are  £3,800 (initial application) or  £2,400 (resubmission). Increasing to  £4,100 and  £2,700 on 1 st April 2008.†2 Applications should be forwarded to: Mrs Daniella Smolenska, Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), European and Regulatory Affairs, Market Towers, 1 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW8 5NQ, Tel: 020 7084 3363, Email [emailprotected]. Approval from the MREC (Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee)/LREC (Local Research Ethics Committee) can be obtained along with the notification to the Competent Authority. However, a clinical investigation can begin only after approval has been obtained from the MREC/LREC and the Competent Authority has not raised an objection to the investigation within the 60 days time constraint period; or approval has been obtained from both the authoritative bodies. General Requirements: A well-defined clinical plan whose methodology and ethical considerations conforms to the standards set forth in the Medical Devices Regulations 2002: section 16 and section 29, the Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive, Annexes 6 and 7, and the Medical Devices Directive, Annexes VIII and X. Supplementary standards are set forth in Standard BS EN ISO 14155-1; 2002, â€Å"Clinical Investigation of Medical Devices for Human Subjects-part 1: General Requirements†, and BS EN ISO 14155-2:2002, â€Å"Clinical Investigation of Medical Devices for Human Subjects-part 2: Clinical Plan†. The CA should be notified incase of differences in the EU and non-EU protocols and the reasons for the same. â€Å"All applications must contain a statement (Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive: Annex 6,2.2; Medical Devices Directive: Annex VIII, 2.2): that the device in question conforms to the Essential Requirements except with regard to those aspects of the device that are to be investigated and that in respect of those aspects, every precaution has been taken to protect the health and safety of the patient. By signing this statement, the manufacturer is declaring that the device meets all of the relevant Essential Requirements, other than those subject to the investigation. Manufacturers must therefore ensure that at the time a notification is made to the Competent Authority, they have all documentation required to demonstrate conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements available for submission to the Competent Authority when requested.†2 Device information like name, model, materials used and sterilization standards etc must be provided as set forth in the directive. Pertinent information about the clinical investigation plan, investigation parameters and design, data collection and analysis methods etc. should be made available to the CA. It is strongly advised that Class III devices follow a well-designed post-marketing plan under the Medical Devices Vigilance. Extra care should be taken when labeling devices meant for clinical investigations. â€Å"All devices intended for clinical investigation must bear the wording exclusively for clinical investigation (Medical Devices Directive: annex 1, para 13.3(H) and the Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive: annex 1, 14.1).†2 Reporting of adverse incidents: â€Å"A serious adverse incident is one which: led to a death led to a serious deterioration in the health of the patient, user or others and includes: a life threatening illness or injury a permanent impairment to a body structure or function a condition requiring hospitalisation or increased length of existing hospitalisation a condition requiring otherwise unnecessary medical or surgical intervention and which might have led to death or serious deterioration in health had suitable action or intervention not taken place. This includes a malfunction of the device such that it has to be monitored more closely or temporarily or permanently taken out of service led to foetal distress, foetal death or a congenital abnormality or birth defect might have led to any of the above†2 All such incidents should be recorded and reported to the CA as set forth in the Regulation 16(10)(a) of the Medical Devices Regulations 2002 (SI 618) and Annex X of the Medical Devices Directive 93/42. Final written report: A report in conjunction with the Medical Devices Directive (Medical Devices Regulations 2002: Section 16(10) and Section 29(9)) should be submitted to the CA for devices undergoing investigation for a CE marking. However, Class III devices need to be highly regulated, before, after and during the clinical investigation. Owing to the high risks associated with their use, some say the risk can be quantified only as social and not scientific. â€Å"Risks, rather than being inherent within these implant devices, may be seen as socially derived, in processes of negotiation and conflict such as those in the case of hip and breast implants†¦.most recently, in the wake of the controversies surrounding breast implants and the 3M Capital hip, attention has been drawn to the uneven performance of notified bodies in the EU, which approve new products. This has led to the setting up of a new European Notified Bodies Operations Group (NEBOG) and calls by the MDA for all implants to be reclassified as high risk, Class III. A review of the operation of EU EMDD is also about to begin (MDA, 2001b). It thus appears that increased political scrutiny is being focused on this sector.†6 BIBLIOGRAPHY: THE MEDICAL DEVICES REGULATIONS: IMPLICATIONS ON HEALTHCARE AND OTHER RELATED ESTABLISHMENTS, BULLETIN No. 18, COMPETENT AUTHORITY (UK), Amended January 2006 EC MEDICAL DEVICES DIRECTIVES GUIDANCE FOR MANUFACTURERS ON CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT IN THE UK, COMPETENT AUTHORITY (UK), Updated November 2007 THE NOTIFIED BODY, BULLETIN No. 6, COMPETENT AUTHORITY(UK), Amended January 2006 http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Devices/ActiveImplantableMedicalDevicesDirective/index.htm, Last Date Accessed: April 08 2008 http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Product-specificinformationandadvice/Cochlearimplants/index.htm, Last Date Accessed: April 08 2008 Kent, Julie and Faulkner, Alex (2002) Regulating human implant technologies in Europeunderstanding the new era in medical device regulation, Health, Risk Society, 4:2, 189 209 Medical Device Development: From Prototype to Regulatory Approval, Aaron V. Kaplan, Donald S. Baim, John J. Smith, David A. Feigal, Michael Simons, David Jefferys, Thomas J. Fogarty, Richard E. Kuntz and Martin B. Leon, 2004;109;3068-3072 Circulation, DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134695.65733.64,Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX, 72514, Copyright 2004 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online, ISSN: 1524-4539.

Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders

Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Underlying Normal Traits within Abnormal Personality Disorders Student University April 11, 2010 Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is the determinative guide on the descriptions of these personality characteristics, and it determined that there were everal models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical definition of abnormal personality. Researchers used either the Big Four, Big Five or other models to describe what an abnormal personality consisted of and how it related to a normal personality as studied. Researchers measured personality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor diffe rences to determine normal or abnormal functioning personalities. It was difficult to determine one substantive definition, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noted. Later, the definition of personality dysfunctions included life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the individual was able to function as a member of his society, while meeting the expectations of that society. A person’s maladaptiveness and evolutionary sense were added as part of the definition of whether the personality was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal personality. Today, treatment options are expanded from the traditional therapy treatments to include drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved very successful on non-schizophrenic patients suffering from abnormal personality traits. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that there are normal personality traits underlying abnormal personality traits in people who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that current category systems of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional scheme designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Experts are leaning towards using a Big Four model, which are â€Å"essentially maladaptive variants of the Big Five traits of normal personality, minus Openness† (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this issue by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies show a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established that the Oddity factor was considered more broad than the Cluster A tr aits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested â€Å"an alternative five factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics† (Watson, 1545). Model Theories The Watson study explains that the Big Four structure was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, like the Big Three and the Big Five models. These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that â€Å"two higher order traits—Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionality—are included in both models† (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a â€Å"Big Four† theory which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy â€Å"that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of Abnormal Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that â€Å"abnormal personalities can be modeled as extremes of normal personality variation† (O’Connor & Doyc e, 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers agree that it is possible to describe normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the structure of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen now as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. One way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality disorders (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By defining the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be done by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common R unning Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta-analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by O’Connor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The O’Connor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). O’Connor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities â€Å"both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern† (O’Connor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive† (Livesley & Jang, p. 258). Each of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that professional clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This listing of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was often defined by distinguishing the â€Å"qualitative distinction between the two† (Livesley & Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in truth researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard pressed to find the dividing lines between the two entities. O’Connor asked whether the distinction can be made using former Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several models to note. The most noteworthy working model being that there was â€Å"no evidence of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder† (Livesley & Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete evidence that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder. In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others disordered personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The answer was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive answer to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have been considered enough to state that a personality disorder actually existed. Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often mix up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often â€Å"it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is necessarily pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other additional factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley & Jang, p. 262). That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley & Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is defined as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any given trait. For example, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder? Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were determining personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not enough to say the person operated outside of â€Å"normal† personality parameters. The researchers at the time believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger & Trull, 1991; Widiger & Sankis, 2000). The reason the researchers sought a generalized definition is that without one, they â€Å"would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait† (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even â€Å"normal† people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another problem came with the idea of traits as one certain set of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive. In this way, the researchers determined Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the â€Å"definition of personality disorder needs to incorporate features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation† (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider when determining a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be â€Å"a system of interrelated structures and processes† (Costa & McCrae, 1994; Mischel, 1999; Vernon, 1964) which included a person’ dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered â€Å"harmful dysfunctions,† (Wakefield, 1992; Livesley & Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a person’s personality system (Livesley & Jang, p. 263) Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as disturbed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a person’s personality as the types of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her â€Å"self, and life situations, and the strategies used to achieve personal tasks† (Livesley & Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it. It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. Here it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his immediate surrounding community and culture. This comes under the order of living in society and meeting the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the person’s mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly e xtreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city would have to understand how to be â€Å"street smart† and may need to know how to survive in even a potentially violent atmosphere if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a daily basis. Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environment on a daily basis. Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Universal Tasks Underlying Personality Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of â€Å"evolutionary significance† nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a person’s identity was developed and they included: the solution to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies; development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness; and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to everyone, or a person’s life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted â€Å"harmful dysfunction† and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being fulfilled or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. Personality disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures â€Å"should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early adulthood and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than another pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder† (Livesley & Jang, p. 26 4). Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within Personality Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an â€Å"evolutionary sense† which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley & Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and eventually reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live in harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of ev ery individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by â€Å"persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally† (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that â€Å"we do not necessarily need to know everything about someone's personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered† (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says â€Å"personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid† (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONA LITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the premier source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality. The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered â€Å"quite inappropriate in such a complicated field† (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and movie plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the audience could confidently label as the â€Å"bad guy. † Personality Disorders Studied Abroad Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The People’s Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate categories that Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more comprehensive and forgiving system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patient’s personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV defined traits. They did â€Å"draw on the same five underlying personality traits† (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the person’s habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the results were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were â€Å"modest predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people† (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still interested in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an effort to offer the patient an opportunity to live a full and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999). Bateman & Fonagy compared the effectiveness of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999). The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with â€Å"An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, reduced inpatient days, and better social and interpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months† (Bateman & Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with â€Å"chronically disturbed non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have aff ective and personality disorders† (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head: NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS atients noted significant improvement in â€Å"four of the five areas studied—interpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteem—as well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM—III). Washington, DC: APA. Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (1999). Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. 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(1992). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R’s definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232–247. Widiger, T. A. , & Sankis, L. M. (2000). Adult psychopathology: Issues and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 377–404. Widiger, T. A. , & Trull, T. J. (1991). Diagnosis and clinical assessment. Annual Review of