Evaluate the Optimum Temperature and PH

Question: Utilizing the right arrangement compose a report on the development conditions commonsense you have done. The structure of this report will impact your evaluation. Theoretical one section synopsis of end and assessment Strategy short, picture can utilize visual cues Results-table and chart Temperature (oC) Number of yeast cells 5 3487 18 4112 37 5292 37 (corrosive) 8916 40 7176 50 7308 E.coli utilizing a shading meter Used5 as a clear Temperature (oC) Shading meter estimation (Abs) 20 0.40 37 0.46 40 0.55 50 0.03 Assessment barely any sentences decipher results Conversation major of words, what does it let you know, what impact does pH and temp have on e-coli and yeast ( saccharomyces cerevisine) what proof do you need to help your answer? Think about temperature of yeast and E.coli End how to improve test what might you do next time? Answer: Unique The examination was completed to assess the ideal temperature and pH required for the ideal development pace of two living beings chose. The life forms, which were chosen, are Saccharomyces serivisiae and Escherichia coli. The outcome was gotten as the Escherichia coli developed best at 35ã‹å ¡ to 40ËÅ ¡C. where as if there should be an occurrence of Saccharomyces cerivisiae, ideal development was seen at 37ËÅ ¡C with acidic pH condition. Presentation Every living being has its own arrangement of ideal natural condition for its ideal development rate (Pajic-Lijakovic 2015). In the event of microorganisms, there are a few development factors, which impact the development pace of life forms. These elements can be of various physical and substance factors, for example, temperature, pH, salt fixation, nearness of air, and so forth. In this lab-report, two life forms are considered to assessed alongside two development variables or boundaries. The living beings, which considered are Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two development factors, which have been utilized for the assessment reason for existing, are temperature and pH (Myers 2013). Technique From the start, the materials which are required were autoclaved for the disinfection procedure After the sanitization, particular development medium was made and autoclaved. After the fulfillment of the creation of the development media E. coli was vaccinated in four media plates and were immunized at 20ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C, 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C separately. A clear was made for the subjective reason and kept at room temperature.(In instance of E. coli cells were brooded in fluid culture vehicle for spectrophotometer perusing) Yeast cells were immunized in six plates and brooded at 5ËÅ ¡C, 18ËÅ ¡C, 37ã‹å ¡ (Normal condition), 37ËÅ ¡C (Acidic), 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C individually. A plate was kept in the room temperature without immunization to be utilized as clear. (yeast cells were brooded in strong media plates for state check) Following 24 hours of brooding period yeast culture plates were taken out and cells were checked. (one settlement is viewed as one cells) Following 30 minutes of brooding, E. coli culture tubes were taken out, the cell development thickness was estimated utilizing spectrophotometer, and absorbance esteem was noted. Result After the hatching settlement checks were accomplished for the yeast cells and absorbance was noted for the E. coli cells. The outcomes for every cell type are given underneath in an even structure. Results for Yeast cells: Temperature (oC) Number of yeast cells 5 3487 18 4112 37 5292 37 (corrosive) 8916 40 7176 50 7308 Results for E. coli cells: Temperature (oC) Shading meter estimation (Abs) 20 0.40 37 0.46 40 0.55 50 0.03 Diagram for the Yeast cells development rate: As indicated by the outcomes acquired from the cell check of the yeast cells, it is seen that the majority of the yeast cells were seen at 37ËÅ ¡C in acidic pH run. Though, least measure of cells were seen at 5ËÅ ¡C. Aside from this, at 18ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C (typical), 40ËÅ ¡C and 50ËÅ ¡C cell consider was watched 3487, 4112, 5292, 7176 and 7308 cells separately. If there should be an occurrence of E. coli cells Highest absorbance of was noted at 0.55 nm and most reduced absorbance was seen at 50ËÅ ¡C. Alongside this, at 20ËÅ ¡C, 37ËÅ ¡C absorbance was noted as 0.40 nm and 0.46 nm individually. Translation From aftereffect of the Yeast cell tally, it is seen that most elevated number of yeast cells are gotten in 37ËÅ ¡C acidic plate. From this it tends to be deciphered that the ideal condition for the Saccharomyces cerivisiae is 37ËÅ ¡C. The pH condition for the development of Saccharomyces cerivisiae is on the acidic side. Though, 5ËÅ ¡C that is low temperature is viewed as unfriendly condition for the development of Saccharomyces cerivisiae cells. From the absorbance consequence of Escherichia coli, it is noticed that the most noteworthy number of cells were seen at the 40ËÅ ¡C temperature mark. From this temperature, it tends to be deciphered that the ideal development temperature for the Escherichia coli cells to develop is about 40ËÅ ¡C. From the outcome information it can likewise be deciphered that minimal measure of cells were developed at the 50ËÅ ¡C imprint. So it can likewise be said that as the temperature expands cell development of the Escherichia coli diminishes. End: From this examination, it tends to be inferred that the cells have their individual temperature to develop at the ideal rate (Typas 2012). Aside from this, they additionally have a reasonable scope of pH run, where their development rate is most extreme. These components assume a urgent job, as the endurance and cell division process relies upon such factors. In this examination the examples were utilized in the trial configuration to acquire the particular ideal temperature and ph for the development of the chose life form (Winter 2013). Yet, for this situation we can evaluate just a range where the ideal development has occurred. Further investigation and test is requirement for the assessment of definite temperature at which the life form best develops. This angle is additionally applied for the pH assessment process too. As pace of cell division and cell development relies upon the ph of a domain, it is imperative to gather the specific estimation of these development factors for a fruitful assessment process (Monon 2012). References Monon, J.A.C.Q.U.E.S., 2012. The development of bacterial cultures.Selected Papers in Molecular Biology by Jacques Monod, p.139. Typas, A., Banzhaf, M., Gross, C.A. what's more, Vollmer, W., 2012. From the guideline of peptidoglycan union to bacterial development and morphology.Nature Reviews Microbiology,10(2), pp.123-136. Winter, S.E., Winter, M.G., Xavier, M.N., Thiennimitr, P., Poon, V., Keestra, A.M., Laughlin, R.C., Gomez, G., Wu, J., Lawhon, S.D. what's more, Popova, I.E., 2013. Host-determined nitrate helps development of E. coli in the aroused gut.Science,339(6120), pp.708-711. Pajic-Lijakovic, I., Levic, S., Hadnaã„‘ev, M., Stevanovic-Dajic, Z., Radosevic, R., Nedovic, V. what's more, Bugarski, B., 2015. Auxiliary changes of Ca-alginate dabs brought about by immobilized yeast cell growth.Biochemical Engineering Journal,103, pp.32-38. Myers, J.A., Curtis, B.S. also, Curtis, W.R., 2013. Improving exactness of cell and chromophore fixation estimations utilizing optical density.BMC biophysics,6(1), p.4.

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act Section A The intensity of stop and search is a general term used to portray the forces of police or at times the authorities to look through the individuals from open in a different setting without a warrant.[1] Such powers are administered principally under Part 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). [2] Besides PACE 1984, there are other enactment which administers the intensity of stop and search. For instance, s23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971[3], s60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (CJPOA)[4] and s47A of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT)[5]. The intensity of stop and search under TACT were recently administered under s44, however were governed illicit by the European Court of Human Rights, expressing that the force were excessively generally attracted and open to abuse.[6] S44 were than officially supplanted with s47A by the Terrorism Act 2000 (Remedial) Order 2011[7] on the 18 March 2011, by progressively restricted measures in England, Wales and Scotland . All enactments which oversees police intensity of stop and search likewise intend to forestall and hinder wrongdoings, in any case, there is still some distinction in the guidelines of such powers, between Part 1 of the PACE 1984 and s47A of the TACT 2000. Measurement indicated that roughly 1.1 million stops and searches are recorded under Section 1 of the PACE 1984, in the time of 2011/2012. [8] No inquiries were made by the police in 2011/12 or 2012/13 in Great Britain under s47A of TACT.[9] A low location rate alone doesn't really sabotage the utilization of stop and search powers. Defenders of the force, particularly under fear mongering enactment, contend that its utilization disturbs and prevents crime as opposed to just distinguishing it.[10] The first and most extreme evident contrast in the forces of stop and search comparable to both PACE 1984 and TACT 2000 are that both enactment have diverse point of search. Section 1 of the PACE 1984 gives capacity to stop and quest for a scope of things including taken property, hostile weapons, restricted articles under s1(7) PACE, controlled medications or proof that an individual is a terrorist.[11] Whereas, controls under TACT 2000 were to look for proof of psychological warfare. An official practicing the stop and search forces may just do as such to look for proof that the individual concerned is a fear based oppressor or that the vehicle concerned is being use for the motivations behind psychological warfare, rather than the reason under segment 45(1)[12] of scanning for articles of a sort which could be utilized regarding psychological oppression. [13]. The importance of psychological militants are characterized under segment 40(1) (b) of the 2000 Act. Also, the guideline o f the intensity of stop and search are diverse as far as the forces where exercisable. Under Part 1 of the PACE, the intensity of stop and search might be practice by constable whenever, yet just openly puts, and non-residences to which the general population have prepared access.[14] This incorporates open vehicle, historical centers, sports ground, films, bars, eateries, night club, banks and shops. While intensity of stop and search under S47A just permits a constable with uniform to scan at a particular zone for a characterized period [15]with authorisation by an official of ACPO rank who sensibly associates that a demonstration with fear based oppression will take place.[16] Next, the distinction of guidelines of both PACE and TACT in the intensity of stop and search by the police are the matter of authorisation. Under Part1 of the PACE, the constable are permit to lead look as long as they are having the sensible ground of doubt that applicable offenses will be found. [17] There are no notice of requiring authorisation by official of a higher positioning before directing stop and search dissimilar to S47A of TACT. Under this area, authorisation by a senior cop are basic before stop and search could be direct by any constable in uniform. [18]Authorisation may be given if an official sensibly presume that a demonstration of psychological warfare will take place[19] and consider that the authorisation is pivotal to forestall such a demonstration and, that the territories or spots determined in the authorisation are no more noteworthy than is fundamental and the duration[20] of the authorisation is no longer than is important to forestall such a demonstrati on. The prerequisite for an authorisation are given in the Code of Practice[21] where an authorisation under area 47A may just be made by an official of ACPO or ACPOS rank. The authorisation would incorporate subtleties of how the activity of the forces is important to forestall the demonstration of terrorism.[22] In most legal arrangements including PACE which awards police the ability to stop and search, there is a prerequisite that the police must have a sensible ground of doubt that the individual is in control of a thing of a predefined kind. [23] Although there was no meaning of sensible ground of doubt set down in the enactment, Code of Practice An, under PACE had given a type of rule with respect to what comprise sensible doubt. Para 2.2 clarified that sensible justification for doubt will rely upon the nature for each situation. [24] There must be some target reason for that doubt dependent on realities, data and additionally insight that are applicable to the probability of finding an article of a particular kind.[25] Reasonable doubt can never be bolstered based on close to home components. Officials must depend on insight or data about or some particular conduct by the individual concerned.[26] For instance the idea of the articles associated with being conveyed, the time and spot where the individual or vehicle is or the conduct of the individual suspected. The instance of Howarth v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (2011)[27] clarified that sensible reason for doubt is a lower standard that which would be required to build up an at first sight case.[28] It permits cop to consider matter that would not be acceptable as proof. In correlation, the force presented under S47A TACT 2000 can be practiced without sensible doubt. An authorisation by a senior cop permits look by any constable in uniform in determined regions or spots without sensible doubt to discover proof identified with fear based oppression. The authorisation would give clarification which permits halting and looking of people and additionally vehicles without doubt is important to forestall the associated demonstration with terrorism.[29] To close, albeit both PACE and TACT have various guidelines as far as the intensity of stop and search, anyway what continues as before is that the basic standards of stop and search are planned to advance its utilization in a reasonable and compelling way. An official may not look through an individual where there is no legitimate premise to do as such, even with an individual’s assent. Stop and search must be done in an obliging and aware way and the length of confinement must be kept to a base in any event, when the official is legitimately qualified for search an individual of vehicle. [30] PART B The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) came into power in the United Kingdom in October 2000. [31]This enactment gives impact in the UK to certain principal rights and opportunities contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Under segment 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, open bodies, for example, the court, police, neighborhood board and every single other body completing the open capacities must agree to the Convention rights. This implies, people would now be able to take human rights cases in household courts and they no longer need to go to Strasbourg to contend their case in the European Court of Human Rights.[32] With the HRA 1998 coming into power, the intensity of stop and search had some effect on the guideline and utilization of the intensity of stop and search here and there. Comparable to the utilization of intensity of stop and search, open bodies are required to exercise such power in consistence to the show rights. The legitimate structure for securing the key human rights contained in the HRA 1998 permits people in general to depend on the articles when they are being halted and looked. At the point when forces of stop and looked are work out, the open bodies are required to practice it so that it is important and proportionate. [33]Article 5, 8 and 14 of the HRA 1998 would be progressively important in the matter of stop and search. Article 5 guarantees the privilege to freedom and security of individual. [34]The directly in Article 5 is constrained, which implies that there are sure conditions or circumstance where hardship of freedom is lawful.[35] Article 8 shields individuals from subjective impedance in their private and family right. [36] The demonstration of being dependent upon a pursuit, which may happen out in the open, and may incorporate a hunt of an individual, their apparel or individual things will meddle with Article 8 rights. Article 8 is a certified right, and Article 8(2) furnishes exemptions empowering obstruction with the right, for instance in light of a legitimate concern for national security, or the avoidance of crime.[37] Any impedance with a person’s Article 8 rights should come quite close to the special cases permitted under Article 8(2), and be as per the law, essential and proportionate. Likewise, Article 14[38] permits individuals to appreciate the Convention rights with no separation. In another words, individual must not be halted or looked simply as a result of their race or religion. The intensity of stop and search would possibly be good with human rights in the event that they are utilized really and proportionately.[39] Evidence shows that stop and search controls that don't require sensible doubt, just as those under PACE, might be utilized in a way that is prejudicial on the grou nds that specific ethnic networks are bound to encounter stop and search than others. In any case, the dark and minority ethnic gatherings, especially the dark individuals, have for a long time been lopsidedly at the less than desirable finish of police stop and search. Joel Miller in his article ‘

The Waitlist, 2009

The Waitlist, 2009 For the fourth consecutive year, we will admit students from our waitlist. Within the next few days, we plan to admit approximately 60 students from the waitlist. When our waitlist decisions are finalized, we will notify the admitted students, informing them that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Financial aid will follow up shortly thereafter with aid packages. Admitted students can then choose to accept our offer (it is an understood part of admissions that some people will shuffle around during the waitlist period; you will lose your deposit at the other school, but it is a standard practice to consider accepting a waitlist offer) or decline it. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to 454 people, in the possibility that we needed to go very deep into our waitlist, as most schools must do from time to time. But now, as a high number of admitted students have chosen to enroll, we know that we will need to enroll only a relatively moderate number of students from the waitlist. As such, it isnt ethical to keep all of those people on the waitlist at this point, so we will notify hundreds of students that they will not be admitted from the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We also will keep some students, approximately 50, on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. Last year, we admitted students in two rounds of waitlist admissions; two years ago, we were satisfied with the class after one round of waitlist admissions. Well know more about how this year looks in a few weeks. The waitlist committee has been working hard since May 1 to determine how many students, if any, could be admitted from the waitlist, while in parallel working to make admisions decisions. The waitlist admissions process will continue until we fully determine who will and will not be admitted, at which point we will notify students. I dont yet know what day we will notify students. Well keep you up-to-date.

Swot Analysis of Dunnes Stores - 2289 Words

SWOT analysis of Dunnes Stores In this part of project I will try to analyse Dunnes Stores using very useful tool in business environment called SWOT analysis. Abbreviation SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threads. It analyse internal factors of business, the Strengths and Weaknesses as well as external factors which are Opportunities and Threads. It is one of most popular technics used for gathering and comparing information, it used as universal tool for the first stage of strategic planning. It looks inside the company and the environment it operates. Depth of analysis depend on information available, in case of Dunnes Stores most of the info that can be useful relates to external factors, as the company is not†¦show more content†¦* Strength which seems to be one of the major is that Dunnes is big Irish employer with staff number of 16000 spread on 155 stores over Ireland. This number of employees and the size of the company result in significant money injections to national ec onomy. Weaknesses By meaning weaknesses there is everything that is not working well within the company and what should be improved, that is internal disadvantage which can be improved as the company have control over it and can take an action for positive changes. Internal weaknesses are creating chaos and disorganisation within company and if spot by competitors can be used as weapon to improve their position on the market. * Major weakness of Dunnes Stores is poor management. Every business is depending of managerial decisions in order to achieve its goals and increasing performance, while analysing company’s performance on Irish field it can be seen that competitors are taking advantage over Dunnes in market share what I will describe in more detail in Threads section later in this analysis. 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Should Cell Phones Be Bad - 893 Words

Having cell phones in the classroom could also be bad because of bullying. Bullying used to be face to face, and now it has evolved to the Internet and cell phones. If cellphones are in the classroom then the bullying can happen behind the teachers back. Also the students can say meaner and nastier things over text message than they would say out loud. Cell phones give these kids more confidence than they would have by just talking. Always having a phone in your hand seems to give us great knowledge. If I have a question about anything, I just Google it. I can get an answer from how to spell a word to the biggest world questions. I have learned a lot of information about random topics that pop into my head. One day I really wanted to learn how to knit a scarf, and I was able to search the Internet on my phone to show me how to do it. The Internet has helped me with medical issues such as a bee sting or a little cough. 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Whether we are driving, or walking down the aisle in the grocery store, and even in class, cell phones have become a part of our everyday lives. Although most students like to text in class, it shouldn’t be allowed because cell phones might tempt students to cheat, and just be a major distraction for everyone. While paying

Learning English through Social Issue Free Essays

Sexy photos of teen models are polished in magazines and you fell that these photos have a negative impact. Write a letter to the editor describing the situation and suggesting what the media, teenagers and parents can do about it. Dear Editor, It has been brought to the limelight that sexy photo of teen models has become prevalent lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning English through Social Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stakeholders from different walks of life have various perceptions about this issue. As a major stakeholder myself, a teenager, I would like to voice my opinion towards this hot topic. Seeing sexy photos of teen models on magazines is no longer a new thing to Hong Kong citizens. The emergence of teen model was fostered under the opening mindset of HonkKongers. I cannot deny the hard fact that teen model is the output of the change in citizens’ mindset and people cannot exploit the existence of a certain industry, in this case the teen model industry, but my stance point is that the prevalence has gone too far. What I mean by â€Å"the prevalence has gone too far† is that provocative photos of teen models started to appear in places that they are not suppose to be. A case in point is the â€Å"intrusion† of teen model in the annual book fair. This sparked intense discussion and controversy while I opted to take the stance agreeing that it create negative trend to the practice. On a macro view, not only has the prevalence of teen model and their provocative photos create negative rend to the book fair practice, but also posed detrimental imparts to the community as whole. In the first place, the popularization of teen models sexy photos promotes pornography as well as inappropriate-open minds towards sex in teenagers. In the long run, it can constitute various serious problems, such as teen pregnancy, teen abortion and compensated dating etc. As Juveniles are the future pillars of the society, we cannot let them go astray. Secondly, it also worsens the reputation of some related industry such as the fashion and model industry in Hong Kong. Foreign industries may deem that of Hong Kong is low-profile and end up avoid cooperating or collaborating with Hong Kongs fashion workers. Consequently, Hong Kong may suffer a loss in foreign investors in this field. Before the negative influences have gone any further, media, teenagers and parents should put their heads together to address this situation and procrastination Media clearly has the responsibility to halt this situation. It should promote healthy image of models and avoiding publishing provocative photos of models considering the audience of their products. As for teenagers, since they are easily affected by things and people around, it is very important for them to learn how to distinguish between right and wrong, so as to make sure they don’t receive any nappropriate information. Parents also play a vital role in adolescences’ life especially when they hit puberty. They are at too tender an age to identify inappropriate messages on their own. Therefore, they need parental guidance. Parents are thus incumbent in leading their children through this tough period without letting them fall prey to obscene information. Problems cannot be solved without concrete efforts. I hope the current situation can be changed and wish the media and all teenagers healthy developments. How to cite Learning English through Social Issue, Essays

Most Common Dance Injuries free essay sample

Next to stage fright, it’s these overuse injuries that become a dancers biggest nightmare. For many dancers depending on the severity of the injury it’s their bodies’ simple way of ending a career and something the dancer has enjoyed all their life. Across the spectrum of dance there is very little doubt that the vast majority of injuries are the result of overuse rather than trauma. The foot, ankle, and lower leg area is the most vulnerable to a wide range of injuries (Solomon and Russell). The following are types of injuries but are not limited to, stress fractures, tendon injuries, sprains, and strains. However, it’s these injuries that show up in greater frequencies. As dancer’s age their chances of becoming injured caused by overuse significantly increases, which is why is it so important to emphasis ways to prevent future injuries. According to expert consultants Ruth Solomon and Jeffrey Russell, dancers are exposed to a wide range of factors for injury. The most common issues that cause dance injuries are the type of dance and frequency of the class, duration of the training and the conditions of the environment. Most wouldn’t consider the floor type and temperature in the studios but these factors play a huge role in injuries. Along with the previously stated, the equipment used such as shoes can cause damage because the individual’s body alignment can be altered. Alongside these issues, the appearance of previous injury to body parts and nutritional deficiencies are among the biggest risk factors for the dancing community (Solomon and Russell). In 1996, several doctors teamed up to better understand the prevalence and risk factors for theatrical injuries and conducted a survey of performers in Broadway productions and touring companies (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). The doctors obtained information from three hundred and thirteen performers across twenty three different companies. Shockingly they instantly found that fifty five point five percent of the performers were injured (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). When put in terms of numbers that averages to 1. 08 injuries per dancer. The lower extremity injuries were the most common at fifty two percent, followed by back at twenty two percent and the neck at twelve percent (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). The least frequent injuries occurred in the upper extremities with the shoulder consisting of only six percent of the dancers (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). Of the lower extremities the knee at twenty nine percent, ankle at twenty five percent, foot at twenty percent, and the hip at twelve percent (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). As the study reported factors that significantly increased the risk of injury for dancers, it was their goal to heighten the concern for reduction prevention through stretching, proper warm up technique, and overall general care for their bodies (Evan, Evans and Carvajal). After acquiring an injury taking the proper treatment in order to recover your body to it fullest potential is most important. Your spine is made up of three sections; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar (Fukishima). When it comes to back injuries, dancers tend to get injured in their thoracic or lumbar regions. The most common injury is frozen back, which is when the muscles in the back spasm (Fukishima). This is caused by fatigue, hyper mobility, inequalities in the dancer’s leg length, and scoliosis or curvature in the spine. Another common back injury is sprains and strains in the ligaments in the spine (Fukishima). The best way to treat a back injury is R. I. C. E. R. I. C. E stands for rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Increasing your core strength is also very important because it helps support your lower back and makes it less susceptible to injury (Fukishima). Stretching properly is a great way to protect your back from injuries. The neck is made up of the cervical potion of the spine. A common trait of dancers is jutting the chin. Jutting the chin is when you lift your head up to increase height appearance and when doing this the head is pulled out of alignment with the rest of the spine (Kay). This means the neck is more vulnerable to injuries. Jutting the chin can cause instability and early degeneration or erosion in the cervical spine (Kay). Another cause of neck injuries is throwing your head weight because the head weighs approximately ten to twelve pounds. When dropping the head straight back or forcefully to the side the spine and nerves running down the arm and chest are compressed which can lead to cervical sprains (Kay). The knee is a part of the body that dancers tend to not necessarily focus on mostly. Most knee injuries occur from leaps in dance and turnout, which is seen in ballet dancers. The most common knee injury is hyperextension, which is the movement or extension of joints, tendons, or muscles beyond the normal limit of range of motion (Kay, The Knees). This occurs more in ballet dancers from trying to obtain turnout, by pushing back into the knees, putting unnecessary pressure on the joints. Another common knee injury is to the anterior crucial ligament or ACL (Kay, The Knees). The ACL is the ligament within the knee that keeps your femur and tibia together. This is usually caused by large leaps and jumps and landing abruptly, or twisting your body while your foot stays in place (Kay, The Knees). In treating a knee injury again the best treatment is R. I. C. E. Rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Electrical stimulation and ultrasound is also great treatments in working with ligament injuries. Electrical stimulation is a machine that uses an electrical current to cause a single muscle or a group of muscles to contract (Kay, The Knees). This strengthens the muscles and ligaments without causing strain or stress on the injury. Ultrasound is used to treat pain conditions and heals damaged tissues. Other treatments for knee injuries include squat exercises, bicycling, weight-bearing exercises, and stabilizing exercises. Another great thing is to stretch and strengthen the muscles that surround your knee; such as the quads, hamstrings, and gluteal, so that the knee is stable and supported (Kay, The Knees). In dance the most common ankle injury is an inversion ankle sprain which is when the foot is forced inward beyond ligament control (NYU Langone Medical Center). This usually occurs when the dancer looses balance or lands from a jump with the ankle/ foot is extended. There are three types of ankle sprains; grade one, grade two, and grade three (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade one ankle sprain is a very small tear or excessive stretching of the ligament with no looseness within the joint (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade two sprain has a more severe tear, and the injured can sometimes feel a popping sensation in the ankle however there is also some instability and control in a grade two sprain (NYU Langone Medical Center). A grade three sprain is the most severe. This is a complete tear of the ligament with significant instability or none at all (NYU Langone Medical Center). When taking care of an ankle or foot injury R. I. C. E is also the first treatment type used. The hip is a stable structure due to its ball and socket anatomical makeup. The hip is surrounded by strong muscles; such as adductors, abductors, flexors, rotators, hamstring and gluteal; which allow smooth, controlled, and balanced movements (Wozny). Most hip injuries are caused by performing bad technique. One common hip injury is referred to as â€Å"snapping hip†. Snapping hip is a condition that is represented by a snapping sensation felt in the hip (Wozny). Dancers with this condition can also feel or hear a popping within their hip when it is flexed and extended. This is caused by the hip tendon catching on a bone and then â€Å"snapping† in place when the hip joint moves (Wozny). Dancers tend to get this condition due to their abnormal flexibility. Another common injury in the hip is called trochanteric bursitis. Trochanteric bursitis is when there is inflammation or swelling on the trochanteric bursa, which is located on the side of your hip (Rowand, Chambliss and Mackler). There is usually no specific cause for this condition but can be from overuse of the hip or snapping hip. Treatment for snapping hip consists of reducing practices and training and just resting the hip. If there is pain with the condition then anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to reduce pain and swelling. In treating trochanteric bursitis the best way is through rest and icing the hip (Rowand, Chambliss and Mackler). After obtaining any type of injury it is important that the dancer take the proper steps in repairing and recovering from their injury. It is also vital that the dancer does not try to work through their pain. While working through pain can cause overuse and even increase the severity of the injury, it will also make the injury harder to treat. Focusing on developing and strengthening your muscles can also help prevent injuries from occurring more frequently. The best thing you can do for your body is giving it the rest it needs. When you rest it allows your body to recover properly and allows you to perform with less stress on the body. Proper technique is also important in preventing injuries. In conjunction with proper technique, however, the most important thing you can do to prevent an injury is to practice proper warm-ups and stretching. Stretching allows the body to be prepared for training. ? References Evan, Randolph W, et al. A Survey of Injuries among Broadway Performers. American Journal of Public Health 86. 1 (1996): 77-80. Fukishima, Rhoda. The Facts on Backs: Health and Fitness for Life. Dance Magazine 20 April 2002: 13-14. Kay, Lauren. The Head NEck. Dance Magazine 14 Janurary 2010: 12-13. —. The Knees. Dance Magazine 14 July 2010: 13-14. NYU Langone Medical Center. The Foot and Ankle. 2011. 19 5 2013 . Rowand, Mark, Lee M Chambliss and Leslie Mackler. How Should you Treat Throchanteric Bursitis? The Journal of Family Practice (2009): 494-500. Solomon, Ruth and Jeffrey A Russell. Stop Sports Injuries. 2010. 19 5 2013 . Wozny, Nancy. 10 Common Dance Injuries. 12 8 2010. 19 5 2013 .